we is finish the maintance
Category: Tak Berkategori
We is sorry for maintance…,we now is editing all artickel…,and sorry,we copy six wikipedia artickel
English Edition
| Crusade of 1101 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Crusades | |||||||
 A map of western Anatolia, showing the routes taken by Christian armies |
|||||||
|
|||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Christendom, Catholicism and West European Christians |
Seljuks, and other Muslims |
||||||
| Commanders | |||||||
| Anselm IV (Archbishop of Milan) William II of Nevers William IX of Aquitaine Hugh of Vermandois Welf I, Duke of Bavaria |
Kilij Arslan Ridwan of Aleppo |
||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| High | Relatively low | ||||||
|
||
|
||
The Crusade of 1101 was a minor crusade of three separate movements, organized in 1100 and 1101 in the successful aftermath of the First Crusade. It is also called the Crusade of the Faint-Hearted due to the number of participants who joined this crusade after having turned back from the First Crusade. The Crusade of 1101 arose from a well-managed response by theSeljuk Turks to the First Crusade,[1] as the Turks decisively defeated the Crusading armies in three separate battles.[2]
The successful First Crusade prompted a call for reinforcements from the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, and Pope Paschal II, successor to Pope Urban II (who died before learning of the outcome of the crusade that he had called), urged a new expedition. He especially urged those who had taken the crusade vow but had never departed, and those who had turned back while on the march. Some of these people were already scorned at home and faced enormous pressure to return to the east;Adela of Blois, wife of Stephen, Count of Blois, who had fled from the Siege of Antioch in 1098, was so ashamed of her husband that she would not permit him to stay at home. The Rich and the poor wanted to make their own way to the Holy Land, to free the holy land from the infidel in the name of Jesus Christ, they wanted the eternity in heaven that came after they had fought for the Lord’s name, they were crucesignati [3]. Some too were fleeing from the scorn that they were receiving at home, and as with all crusades, most were leaving oppressive poverty in search of a better life.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Lombards
Lombard-Tuscan man-at-arms from c. 1100,Vita Mathildis.
As in the first crusade, the pilgrims and soldiers did not leave as a part of one large army, but rather in several groups from various different regions from across Western Europe. In September of 1100, a large group of Lombards left from Milan. These were mostly untrained peasants, led by Anselm IV, Archbishop of Milan. When they reached the territory of the Byzantine Empire, they pillaged it recklessly, and Byzantine emperor Alexius I escorted them to a camp outside Constantinople. This did not satisfy them, and they made their way inside the city where they pillaged the Blachernae palace, even killing Alexius’ pet lion. The Lombards were quickly ferried across the Bosporus and made their camp at Nicomedia, to wait for reinforcements.
At Nicomedia they were joined in May 1101 by a smaller but stronger contingent of French, Burgundians, and Germans, under Stephen of Blois, Stephen I, Count of Burgundy, Eudes I, Duke of Burgundy, and Conrad, constable of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Joining them at Nicomedia was Raymond IV of Toulouse, one of the leaders of the First Crusade who was now in the service of the emperor. He was appointed overall leader, and a Byzantine force of Pecheneg mercenaries was sent out with them under the command of General Tzitas. This group marched out at the end of May, towards Dorylaeum, following the route taken by Raymond and Stephen in 1097 during the First Crusade. They planned to continue towards Konya, but the Lombards, whose rabble outnumbered all the other contingents, were determined to march north to Niksar where Bohemond I of Antioch was being held captive by the Danishmends. After capturing Ancyra on June 23, 1101, and returning it to Alexius, the crusaders turned north. They briefly besieged the heavily garrisoned city of Gangra, and then continued north to attempt to capture the Turkish-controlled city of Kastamonu. However, they came under attack from the Seljuk Turks who harassed them for weeks, and a foraging party was destroyed in July.
At this point, under the threats of the Lombards, the entire army turned away from the possible safety of the Black Sea coast and again moved east, toward Danishmend territory and the rescue of Bohemond.[4] However, the Seljuks, under Kilij Arslan I, realizing that disunity was the cause of his inability to stop the First Crusade, had now allied with both the Danishmends and Ridwan of Aleppo. In early August the crusaders met this combined Muslim army at Mersivan.
[edit]Battle of Mersivan
The crusaders organized into five divisions: the Burgundians, Raymond and the Byzantines, the Germans, the French, and the Lombards. The Turks nearly destroyed the crusaders’ army near the mountains of Paphlagonia at Mersivan. The land was well-suited to the Turks—dry and inhospitable for their enemy, it was open, with plenty of space for their cavalry units. The Turks had been troublesome to the Latins for some days, at last making certain that they went where Kilij Arslan wanted them to be and making sure, that they only found a small amount of supplies.
The battle took place over several days. On the first day, the Turks cut off the crusading armies’ advances and surrounded them. The next day, Duke Conrad led his Germans in a raid that failed miserably. Not only did they fail to open the Turkish lines, they were unable to return to the main crusader army and had to take refuge in a nearby stronghold. This meant that they were cut off from supplies, aid, and communication for an attack that may have taken place had the Germans been able to provide their own military strength.
The third day was somewhat quiet, with little or no serious fighting taking place, but on the fourth day, the crusaders made an intensive effort to free themselves from the trap that they were in. The crusaders inflicted heavy losses on the Turks, but the attack was a failure by the end of the day. Kilij Arslan was joined by Ridwan of Aleppo and other powerful Danishmendprinces.
The Lombards, in the vanguard, were defeated, the Pechenegs deserted, and the French and Germans were also forced to fall back. Raymond was trapped on a rock and was rescued by Stephen and Conrad. The battle continued into the next day, when the crusader camp was captured and the knights fled, leaving women, children, and priests behind to be killed or enslaved. Most of the Lombards, who had no horses, were soon found and killed or enslaved by the Turks. Raymond, Stephen of Blois, and Stephen of Burgundy fled north to Sinope, and returned to Constantinople by ship.
[edit]The Nivernois
Soon after the Lombard contingent had left Nicomedia, a separate force under William II of Nevers arrived at Constantinople. He had crossed into Byzantine territory over the Adriatic Seafrom Bari, and the march to Constantinople was free of incident, an unusual occurrence for a crusade army. He quickly marched out to meet the others, but in fact never caught up with them, although the two armies must have been close to each other on numerous occasions. William briefly besieged Iconium (Konya) but could not take it, and he was soon ambushed at Heraclea Cybistra by Kilij Arslan, who had just defeated the Lombards at Mersivan and was eager to stamp out these new armies as soon as possible. At Heraclea almost the entire contingent from Nevers was wiped out, except for the count himself and a few of his men.
[edit]The French and Bavarians
As soon as William II left Constantinople, a third army arrived, led by William IX of Aquitaine, Hugh of Vermandois (one of those who had not fulfilled his vow on the First Crusade), andWelf I, Duke of Bavaria; accompanying them was Ida of Austria, mother of Leopold III of Austria. They had pillaged Byzantine territory on the way to Constantinople and had almost come into conflict with the Pecheneg mercenaries sent to stop them, until William and Welf intervened.
From Constantinople, this army split in two, with one half travelling directly to Palestine by ship; among them was the chronicler Ekkehard of Aura. The rest, travelling by land, reached Heraclea in September, and, like the previous army, were ambushed and massacred by Kilij Arslan. William and Welf escaped, but Hugh was mortally wounded; the survivors eventually arrived at Tarsus, where Hugh died on October 18. Ida disappeared during this ambush and was presumably killed, but according to later legend she was taken into captivity and became the mother of Zengi, a great enemy of the crusaders in the 1140s, which – however – is impossible due to chronological factors.
[edit]Aftermath
Turkish cavalryman
William of Nevers also escaped to Tarsus and joined the rest of the survivors there as did Raymond of Toulouse. Under Raymond’s command they capturedTortosa (Tartous), with help from a Genoese fleet. By now the crusade was more of a pilgrimage. The survivors arrived at Antioch at the end of 1101, and atEaster in 1102 arrived in Jerusalem. Afterwards, many of them simply went home, their vow having been fulfilled, although some remained behind to help King Baldwin I defend against an Egyptian invasion at Ramla. Stephen of Blois was killed during this battle, as was Hugh VI of Lusignan, ancestor of the future Lusignan dynasty of Jerusalem and Cyprus. Joscelin of Courtenay also stayed behind, and survived to become Count of Edessa in 1118.
The defeat of the crusaders allowed Kilij Arslan to establish his capital at Konya, and also proved to the Muslim world that the crusaders were not invincible, as they appeared to be during the First Crusade. The crusaders and Byzantines each blamed the other for the defeat, and neither of them were able to ensure a safe route through Anatolia now that Kilij Arslan had strengthened his position. The only open route to the Holy Land was the sea route, which benefitted the Italian cities. The lack of a safe land route from Constantinople also benefitted the Principality of Antioch, where Tancred, ruling for his uncle Bohemond, was able to consolidate his power without Byzantine interference.
Both the Second and Third Crusades suffered similar difficulties when attempting to cross Anatolia.
From:Marcop’s blog and haraz press
Dari Haraz press
Terkini (belum ditinjau)
 |
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi sumber sehingga isinya tidak bisa diverifikasi. Bantulah memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Artikel yang tidak dapat diverifikasikan dapat dihapus sewaktu-waktu oleh Pengurus. |
Perang Salib Pertama dilancarkan pada 1095 oleh Paus Urban II untuk merebut serta membebaskan tanah kota suci Yerusalem yang juga merupakantanah sucibagi umatKristen dari umat Muslimyang pada saat itu terdapat perkembangan dan banyak kunjungan yang dilakukan oleh terutama para pedagang juga ulama muslim kaum seljuk Turki. perang salib pertama adalah tidak lebih dari suara – suara yang dilebih – lebihkan dari para ulama kristen yang diakibatkan oleh gangguan yang dilakukan oleh segelintir pedagang kaum seljuk Turki juga bukan mengatasnamakan agama yang dilakukan pada jalur perdagangan kaum kristiani. Keberangkatan atau migrasi dari pasukan salib pertama ini berubah dari misi atau tugas yang diberikan yaitu untuk melindungi dan merekonsiliasi antara tiga umat beragama disana menjadi sebuah usaha penaklukan,pembantaian terhadap umat non kristen dan yahudi serta penguasaan keseluruhan wilayah yerusalem.
Baik ksatria dan orang awam dari banyak negara di Eropa Barat, dengan sedikit pimpinan terpusat, berjalan melalui tanah dan laut menuju Yerusalem dan menguasai kota tersebut pada Juli 1099, serta mendirikan Kerajaan Yerusalem atau kerajaan Latin di Yerusalem. Meskipun penguasaan ini hanya berakhir kurang dari dua ratus tahun, Perang salib merupakan titik balik penguasaan dunia Barat, dan satu-satunya yang berhasil meraih tujuannya.
Daftar isi |
[sunting]Latar belakang
Pengepungan Antioch, dari lukisan miniatur abad pertengahan selama Perang Salib Pertama.
Meskipun menjelang abad kesebelas sebagian besar Eropa memeluk agama Kristen secara formal — setiap anak dipermandikan, hierarki gereja telah ada untuk menempatkan setiap orang percaya di bawah bimbingan pastoral, pernikahan dilangsungkan di Gereja, dan orang yang sekarat menerima ritual gereja terakhir.
Pada tahun 1088, seorang Perancis bernama Urbanus II menjadi Paus. Kepausannya itu ditandai dengan pertikaian raja Jerman, Henry IV — kelanjutan kebijakan pembaruan oleh Paus Gregorius VIII yang tidak menghasilkan apa-apa. Paus yang baru ini tidak ingin meneruskan pertikaian ini. Tetapi ia ingin menyatukan semua kerajaan Kristen. Ketika Kaisar Alexis dari Konstantinopel meminta bantuan Paus melawan orang-orang Muslim Turki, Urbanus melihat bahwa adanya musuh bersama ini akan membantu mencapai tujuannya.
Tidak masalah meskipun Paus telah mengucilkan patriark Konstantinopel, dan Kristen Ortodoks Timor tidak lagi merupakan satu gereja. Urbanus mencari jalan untuk menguasai Timur, sementara ia menemukan cara pengalihan bagi para pangeran Barat yang bertengkar terus.
Pada tahun 1095 Urbanus mengadakan Konsili Clermont. Di sana ia menyampaikan kotbahnya yang bertujuan untuk menggerakkan bahkan membakar walaupun pada faktanya kabar itu tidak benar dan bersifat propaganda untuk menimbulkan kebencian terhadap umat muslim kabar itu ialah : “Telah tersebar sebuah cerita mengerikan … sebuah golongan terkutuk yang sama sekali diasingkan Allah … telah menyerang tanah (negara) orang Kristen dan memerangi penduduk setempat dengan pedang, menjarah dan membakar.” Ia berseru: “Pisahkanlah daerah itu dari tangan bangsa yang jahat itu dan jadikanlah ia sebagai milikmu.” inilah perkataan yang dianggap sebuah momentum pergerakan kaum kristiani eropa dan juga sebuah pencapaian yang luar biasa dari Urbanus untuk dapat menguasai timur yang gerbangnya ialah yerusalem tanah suci bagi tiga agama dan kaum yaitu yahudi,kristiani dan muslim.
“Deus vult! Deus vult! (Allah menghendakinya),” teriak para peserta. Ungkapan itu telah menjadi slogan perang pasukan Perang Salib. Ketika para utusan Paus melintasi Eropa, merekrut para ksatria untuk pergi ke Palestina dengan menggunakan kata-kata propaganda pemimpin mereka, mereka mendapatkan respons antusias dari pejuang-pejuang eropa terutama Perancis danItalia. Banyak di antaranya tersentak dan terbakar karena tujuan agamawi, tetapi tidak diragukan juga bahwa yang lain berangkat juga untuk keuntungan ekonomi. Ada juga yang ingin berpetualang merampas kembali tanah peziarahan di Palestina, yang telah jatuh ke tangan kaum Muslim.
Untuk mendorong tentara Perang Salib, Urbanus dan para paus yang mengikutinya menekankan “keuntungan” spiritual dari perang melawan orang-orang Muslim itu. Dari sebuah halaman Bible, Urbanus meyakinkan para pejuang itu bahwa dengan melakukan perbuatan ini, mereka akan langsung masuk surga, atau sekurang-kurangnya dapat memperpendek waktu di api penyuciankata mereka kaum ulama eropa kalau tujuannya benar tetapi ada niat terselubung yang memang kaum eropa ingin lakukan dari zaman Alexander the great sampai zaman imperium roma yaitu penaklukan daerah timur.
Dalam perjalanannya menuju tanah suci, para tentara Perang Salib berhenti di Konstantinopel. Selama mereka ada di sana, hanya satu hal yang ditunjukkan: Persatuan antara Timur dan Barat masih mustahil. Sang kaisar melihat para prajurit yang berpakaian besi itu sebagai ancaman bagi takhtanya. Ketika para tentara Perang Salib mengetahui bahwa Alexis telah membuat perjanjian dengan orang-orang Turki, mereka merasakan bahwa “pengkhianat” ini telah menggagalkan bagian pertama misi mereka: menghalau orang-orang Turki dari Konstantinopel.
Dengan bekal dari sang kaisar, pasukan tersebut melanjutkan perjalanannya ke selatan dan timur, menduduki kota-kota Antiokhia dan Yerusalem. Banjir darah dan pembantaian terhadap kaum muslim mengikuti kemenangan mereka di Kota Suci itu. Taktik para tentara Perang Salib ialah “tidak membawa tawanan” yang kita semua tahu bahwa sebab berhasilnya perang salib I ini adalah ketidaktahuan para umat baik itu muslim, kristen dan yahudi di yerusalem bahwa mereka datang untuk menyerang karena itulah para muslim tidak menyiagakan pasukannya dan memang yang pada waktu itu yerusalem bukan daerah kekuasaan atau jajahan kekaisaran muslim, biadabnya lagi yang mereka bantai adalah para penduduk dan pedagang muslim yang sudah menyerah,inilah yang menyebabkan kebencian umat islam. Seorang pengamat yang merestui tindakan biadab tersebut menulis bahwa para prajurit “menunggang kuda mereka dalam darah yang tingginya mencapai tali kekang kuda”.dan memang kaum kristiani eropa cenderung menutupi kejadian ini dan yang semacam ini, demi nama baik mereka, tidak seperti pembantaian kaum yahudi yang selalu mereka gembar-gemborkan.
Setelah mendirikan kerajaan Latin di Yerusalem, dan dengan mengangkat Godfrey dari Bouillon sebagai penguasanya, mereka berubah sikap, dari penyerangan ke pertahanan yang dikarenakan para kaum muslim telah tersadar dan mengirimkan bala tentaranya Mereka kaum kristiani eropa mulai membangun benteng-benteng baru, yang hingga kini, sebagian darinya masih terlihat.
Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, terbentuklah ordo-ordo baru yang bersifat setengah militer dan setengah keagamaan. Ordo paling terkenal adalah Ordo Bait Allah (bahasa Inggris: Knights Templars) dan Ordo Rumah Sakit (bahasa Inggris: Knights Hospitalers). Meskipun pada awalnya dibentuk untuk membantu para tentara Perang Salib, mereka menjadi organisasi militer yang tangguh dan berdiri sendiri.
Perang Salib pertama merupakan yang paling sukses. Meskipun agak dramatis dan bersemangat, berbagai upaya kemiliteran ini tidak menahan orang-orang Muslim secara efektif.
Sumber:Marcop’s blog,Haraz press
Welcome to WordPress.com. This is your first post. Edit or delete it and start blogging!
